Not that you did not know this, but another factor in the lack of employment facing urban welfare recipients is that in high density areas with poor economic prospects, businesses naturally tend to move out; and therefore, there are fewer jobs to fill in those areas that become overrun by socioeconomically defeated persons. Yes, defeated. My mom correctly noted that people can be broke as dirt but still keep their surroundings and clothes tidy and still live with dignity. Something about welfare seems to break that dignity. It would be interesting to know that dynamic.